Malaria resurgence in india- Climate change and new vaccines offer hope for eradication

Malaria, one of the oldest and deadliest diseases, continues to challenge public health systems globally. In India, the year 2024 has seen a worrying surge in malaria cases, especially in regions like Noida, where more than 106 cases have been reported in just the first three quarters. Across the country, malaria cases are increasing, but there is also significant progress being made in treatment and prevention efforts.

Malaria’s Spread and Science

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. The disease manifests with symptoms such as fever, vomiting, chills, and body aches. According to recent data, malaria continues to claim around 400,000 lives globally each year, with India reporting a major share of cases from states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand. Climate change and rapid urbanization have further contributed to the rise of cases, as changing weather patterns create ideal conditions for mosquito breeding.

The History of Quinine and Gin & Tonic

Interestingly, malaria has an old remedy – quinine, which is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. Discovered by South American tribes centuries ago, it became a popular treatment during the 1700s when British soldiers stationed in India mixed quinine with tonic water to combat malaria. However, the bitter taste led them to add gin, thus creating the now-famous gin and tonic.

While quinine is no longer widely used for malaria treatment, its legacy lives on in modern medicine, where more effective treatments like artemisinin-based therapies are now commonly used.

Present Day Solutions: Modern Treatments and Vaccines

Today, treatments have advanced significantly. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are now the standard for treating malaria, effectively killing the parasites and preventing further transmission. A major milestone in 2024 was the approval of a second malaria vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, by the World Health Organization (WHO). Alongside the first RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, these breakthroughs bring new hope for controlling and eventually eliminating the disease.

Preventive measures like insecticide-treated bed nets and mosquito-control campaigns are also helping to curb the spread of the disease in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

The Threat of Climate Change

Climate change is making malaria control more challenging, as rising temperatures increase mosquito breeding and survival rates. Studies have shown that night-time temperature increases directly impact the lifespan of mosquitoes, accelerating the spread of malaria. In regions like Africa and South Asia, unpredictable weather patterns have led to longer mosquito breeding seasons, raising concerns for higher malaria transmission in the coming years.

India’s Fight Against Malaria

The Indian government is making significant strides to eliminate malaria by 2030 through the National Framework for Malaria Elimination (NFME). Key initiatives include distributing long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), mass screenings, and rapid diagnostic testing. States like Odisha, which once had some of the highest malaria cases, have seen a 90% reduction in cases due to targeted interventions.

WHO has also been instrumental in global malaria elimination efforts, ensuring that vulnerable populations receive the necessary tools and strategies to combat the disease. With India’s progress and international support, the goal of zero indigenous malaria cases by 2025 seems within reach.

A Future Without Malaria?

While malaria remains a persistent threat, modern vaccines, effective treatments, and government initiatives provide hope for a malaria-free future. With ongoing efforts, India is well on its way to achieving its goal of zero malaria by 2030, setting an example for the world in public health innovation and disease eradication.

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